With 2.791.8101 Square Kilometres of surface Argentina is one of the largest countries in the world and with 36.223.9472 inhabitants one of the comparatively less populated. The actual ratio of inhabitants per Square Kilometres, 13, is one of the lowest in Earth.

In spite of being as a whole an almost empty country, the population is mostly concentrated in an about the city of Buenos Aires and some other few large cities like Córdoba and Rosario (about 12.000.000 people).

Being a country with such an abundance of land and so few inhabitants, nevertheless large sectors of the population live in slums surrounding the big cities, with no access to land.

This situation moved the Catholic Church to issue recently an Episcopal Document about the land problem in the country, proposing different solutions. In the foreword to this document Monseñor Carmelo Juan Giaquinta points out that the relation of the Argentineans with land “is maybe one of the worst in the World”.

The following sad story appeared in the Daily Mail of 21 May 2001:

“When offered contract work, my firm went through the costings, cashflow and forecasting exercise. We judged  there would  be a fair return  on the investment and decided to go ahead. However, the figures starting going through my mind and the following emerged : net profit to the firm — £18,598; net profit to the government  — £24,767.

Why?With National Insurance, PAYE,  VAT, fuel tax, insurance  tax, land fill levy, road fund licences, operators’ licence, personal tax liabilities, loss of interest on cash flow and other hidden taxes, the government will gain more from this investment than the company. In addition, ifwe took on three employees for this new job and they came off benefits, it would save the government another £23,400 a year, leaving the government a gain of more than £48,167  in the first  year — 259% more than the  risk-taker.

Why should I risk everything for a government that has accepted contract prices 30% lower than last   year?

[An address delivered at the Henry George Club, Sydney NSW; 16 May, 1932]
Although the sciences, generally, are rightly regarded as nature studies, there is an unfortunate tendency to consider economic science to be a set of complicated man-made schemes, continuously amended by even more complicated man-made laws – a hopeless tangle about which there can be endless difference of opinion and which only the very wise and learned may hope to understand.

The following is an endeavour to show that this is not so, but that, on the contrary, economic science (or as it is sometimes termed “economics” or “political economy”) is a simple nature study, that the economist is as much a naturalist as any other scientist, and for him also, there is significance in the well-known lines of Longfellow:

Nature the old nurse, took
The child upon her knee,
Saying, “Here is a story book
Thy Father has written for thee.”

“Come, wander with me,” she said,
“Into regions yet untrod,
And read what is still unread
In the manuscripts of God.”

It would be foolish to describe the current situation in the UK housing market as a “crisis,” as  this suggests some unforeseen events which suddenly come to a head and which the government has to deal with urgently.

Far from it, the state of the housing market is the inevitable result of quite deliberate changes in UK government policy over the last thirty years or so, which we are feeling the full impact of now.

Government policies

If we go back to the period between 1945 and the 1980s, what is remarkable is the rate at which owner-occupation levels increased. The share of owner-occupier households rose from 30% to 60%; the proportion of social tenants increased from 20% to 30% and – in a development which has received much less attention – the share of households renting privately fell from 50% to 10%.

To celebrate the 100th article in LANDISFREE  we ask our chair to write a special essay.

Is history a mere chronicle of events or are there patterns in history? If the second view is correct, then a study of those patterns may not only help us understand how things happened in the past, but may also give us some idea as to how things are likely to happen in the future. If, furthermore, the future is not completely predetermined, it is possible that people may intervene and give future events a twist in the direction they wish them to take. In other words, history – properly understood – is not just a record of the past, but can also be a profoundly important guide for the future.

Many historians have sought to see patterns in history, often to fit their own ideologies. To pagans in the 4^th and 5^th Centuries, the decline of the Roman Empire was due to Romans forsaking the old gods and turning to Christianity. The gods therefore abandoned the Empire. This view was denied by another man living through the same events. St Augustine of Hippo saw all history as a working out of the purpose of the Christian God and argued that the Christians were a force of preservation, not a force of destruction. Marxists have a view of history radically different from both. To them, the development of feudalism, capitalism and socialism, and the fate of empires, derive, not from intervention by any kind of divinity, but from struggles between social classes.

History of Fairhope and the Single Tax Corporation

Members of the single tax club in Des Moines, Iowa, decided in 1894 that they wanted to do more than just discuss the single tax theory. They wanted to build an actual community that would employ, as best they could, single tax principles. Still meeting in Iowa, they formulated their plans, wrote a constitution, and began seeking a site. Upon passage of the constitution one of the founding members said he believed there was a fair hope that the experiment would succeed. Thus the name for the utopian demonstration community: Fairhope.

A  BREAKTHROUGH POLICY FOR THE “JUST ABOUT MANAGING”.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The one third at the bottom of advanced economies masks a yet more dismal fact, that in London it is 47%, and in Haringey it is 58%, according to the 2011 census. (1) So we should ask first, what is the defining characteristic of the economic condition of these whose lives are less rich than they should be?

It does not take much searching to discern that the main feature of these disadvantaged citizens is that they are the rent payers. Theirs is a constant struggle to pay rent out of income which never seems to be enough.

Above the one third-line will be those who have long leases still, those paying off a mortgage, those who bought into property before prices rose so much, and, further up the scale will be those who receive rents. Here we are looking at a cross section of inequality.

The concept of “added value” may help here. This concept seeks to show the productivity of those who work in an organisation or alone.

From the sales, or output is deducted the cost of using the product of other organisations to arrive at the value created by the work in that place. Then it is usually presented by showing the distribution of that value. The reward for work is the first claim, followed by taxation, interest on capital and rent. For this purpose, we use the term “reward for work” rather than wages, because we wish to show that taxation is now an extremely large part of the claims.

The reward for work is mostly spent on living costs, whilst the taxation is spent by government, which usually does not have enough, and so it borrows the difference. Interest is paid to the providers of capital and becomes unearned income to them but includes compensation for business failure and bad debts.

But rent is different. In terms of value added the rent of a house or man made products would be deducted from output along with other outside costs. But the rent of land is a distribution of added value and turns earned income into unearned income. Those who receive it do not spend it in the same way as those who create it. Thus a gathering wave of rent (of land) moves from the poorest to the richest in a never-ending transfer of wealth.

It is this fact that keeps the one third in their place.

Thus, we should examine the idea of rent of land. Land by its nature is actually free. The land is here when we arrive and we cannot take it with us. It is as free as the air we breathe!  But unlike air it can be enclosed and a sort of phony ownership be attached to it by law. This gives a power to the owner to charge a rent for its use. There is no contract or fair consideration for the rent that may be charged, therefore the only limit is the maximum that a tenant can afford.

Here is an example given by Winston Churchill in his campaign speeches of 1909. “Some years ago in London there was a toll bar on a bridge across the Thames, and all the working people who lived on the south side of the river had to pay a daily toll of one penny for going and returning from their work. The spectacle of these poor people thus mulcted on so large a proportion of their earnings appealed to the public conscience, an agitation was set on foot, municipal authorities were roused, and at the cost of the ratepayers the bridge was freed and the toll removed. All those people who used the bridge were saved sixpence a week. Within a very short period from that time the rents on the south side of the river were found to have advanced by about sixpence a week, or the amount of the toll which had been remitted.” (2) 

Would it be any different now? All experience tells us that this is taking place now, under our noses, and inexplicably it is accepted as the way things are.

So, how did the poorest land up in this quandary? Let us cast our mind back to the history of the conditions of the working people. In the first place, at the Conquest in 1066, William parcelled out all the land to his supporters, so every farmer had a landlord. He was expected to provide service to the king, so he levied a charge on his “tenants”. Bit by bit, the control of the land that was given to the barons morphed into a rent, and instead of being sufficient to meet the king’s demands, became the most that the farmers could pay. Skip a few hundred years. The farmers were replaced by sheep as nearly all common land was enclosed. Displaced people drifted to the towns where the recent birth of industry promised them employment. But now they had nothing to sell but their labour. The product of their work belonged to the entrepreneur or landlord. There was no fall back to a piece of land they could call their own. The owners or landlords exploited this position to the maximum, forcing down wages to a minimum. Their condition was aptly described by Dickens and others. (3) The public conscience again arose, just as Churchill describes, and various measures were brought in which alleviated the problem, more by increasing the minimum acceptable than anything else. But the basic conditions were unchanged. The measures had to be paid for, so taxation was introduced, which eventually became paid by those poorest. Of course, such taxes could not be paid for out of a wage already pushed down to the minimum acceptable. The result was that taxation forced down rent.

And let no-one tell you that the poor do not pay taxes.

What is the burden that the poorest have to pay?

Recent figures from the ONS show that the lowest quintile of earners paid 31% of their take home pay in indirect taxes, that is VAT, fuel duty, etc.(4)  This is even before they hit the thresholds for Income Tax and National Insurance. (5) And they also have to pay Council Tax.

So, we land up with wages (after tax) pushed down to a minimum, whilst tax and rent (for land) compete for the balance. One result is that tax and rent affect each other. When taxes are reduced, rent increases, and with more delay, when taxes are increased rents have to reduce. The price of land is directly related to rent. It is the capitalised purchase price of an indefinite flow of advantages.

The relationship might be 5%, ie land price will be twenty times the rent, but other factors may vary the rate. We can see how this works at present, when stamp duties have been raised for more expensive properties, and this imposed as a one off charge on purchase has brought about a reduction in the price of properties near London and stalled the market, reducing rents a small amount. On the other hand all efforts to make it easier to buy into the market have the effect of increasing land prices

But there is another factor about rent. What does it represent, and why does it vary from place to place? Or, to put it another way, what gives the landlord the power to charge rent for that which is free?

Is it something more than simply the law that man must have land to live, and if he is excluded he will pay dearly for access? A combination of taxes and rent represents the facilities provided at that place. Thus, nearness to London creates high ability to pay tax and rent because of infrastructure installed over the years.

In our road in a suburb, we have two nearby stations, a regular train every fifteen minutes, roads that are cared for, police to keep order, a local council to clean the streets and collect our rubbish, water and sewer systems, shops nearby enjoying the same facilities, and a host of other benefits. All of which have been paid for out of taxation or borrowing.

In other words we, the community as a whole, have paid for the locational benefits which give rise to much of the power to charge rents, which are very high in our area. But in other areas the benefits are less. Fewer trains, long distances to travel and so on, so that rents in those places are also less.

But why, it must be asked, why if we all pay for these benefits, why do we allow private landlords to benefit from them?

So now we come to the crux, and the basis for a solution to the problem. This is what we do. We remove the locational benefit from those who claim ownership of land, and we use it to reduce taxation. The community creates value, and the community gets it back.

The cost of not doing just that is enormous. First there is the unfairness of those kept in the bottom third in such a way that only extraordinary effort can release them. Second is the damage done by the taxation system adopted by the class of government, historically representing   landlords.  A large part of taxation is related to wages, in such a way that the cost of employing a person is twice the reward for work that the employee actually enjoys. That amounts to a 100% tax on wages. This has done massive harm to the country. On the one hand the employee has to be able to add value twice what he lives on. Some will fail on this measure, increasing the taxation required. On the other hand it puts this country at a disadvantage to others who attach less tax to wages. (5)  Hong Kong is one dramatic example. (6)

To make the proposal clear we only have to ask three questions;-  What is Location Value? Who creates it? Then who does it belong to?

We can say that taxation as such is wholly unnecessary. For the transfer of location value to the government is a refund of benefits actually received. So we can call our solution to the problem “Location Value Refund”.

What can we expect to follow? First, the manifestation of unearned inequality would be stopped in its track. The value of land would reduce sharply, so that it could be possible for our disadvantaged to buy a house for the price of a house. Private debt would eventually disappear. If the proceeds of location value were used to reduce taxation, location values would at first rise. The government  would find its receipts rising, whilst its expenditure would reduce following an upsurge in employment, probably in the form of self-employment, as people found that sites are available without initial cost. Government would shortly have a surplus of funds to reduce the national debt. Wages would rise as the rent of land no longer pushed them down. A great burden would be lifted from the economy. Tax avoidance would lose its point, as all sites can be readily identified and cannot be moved abroad.

Let us be clear. There is no need to take land away from anyone. But there would be an annual payment according to its location value. This would bring land into use in order to get the locational benefits from which the annual payment is to be met.

Unused land could be returned to the community, and made available to another user, who might use it in another way. Planning and land use restrictions can still be set as now. Complete land registration would be required.

In order to add imagination to our proposal, here follows a long term vision.

 “Let us suppose that we have come to realise the force of natural law, and decided to collect public revenue in the form of location value refunds and eliminate the disastrous tax system we had in its place. The transition has been tricky, as we have had to unwind so many unnatural results of the old system.  So here we are thirty years on. Why thirty? It has taken a generation to deal with the disastrous effects of a wholly dysfunctional tax system. By now, we no longer attach the vast bulk of our taxes to wages.

We have devised a suitable mechanism to collect public revenue, that is, that part of production attributable to the efforts of the whole community. The  result of the efforts of individuals are retained in full – no tax deductions. . The cost of living has come down by the cancellation of all indirect taxes – VAT, petrol duty and all the rest. A great rebalancing has taken place. The general level of wages has risen to the maximum available from the best site still available for use. The accumulation of wealth in the hands of those who thought “this land is mine” has been stopped in its track. As public revenue was gradually collected, the value of land has fallen, and now has no private value. Landowners still have their land, so long as they pay the appropriate annual charge, but land is no longer counted as wealth. A house can now be bought for the price of a house. Mortgages have fallen to a small proportion compared with the old basis. The level of debt has plummeted, and the money supply likewise. Those who took out mortgages when they had to purchase the land as well as the house have been encouraged to honour the debt they took on, and many find that the increase in wages makes this possible. But also a debt forgiveness scheme has been set up, whereby those whose accumulated assets arose partly or wholly from land appreciation before the changes can voluntarily hand this to the scheme, which is used to reduce all old mortgages pro-rata. This has become possible following the realisation that land is a free gift, without which the changes noted above would not have been possible.

After about twenty years, government expenditure began to fall as some parts of the welfare state became unclaimed. It was found that public revenue was buoyant as the cancellation of taxation added to it but impacted on city centres instead of marginal areas. For some years is has been possible to reduce government debt, and there is speculation about what might be done with a surplus in future. But much infrastructure improvement has been funded, and the fact that this is speedily paid for by an increase in public revenue has created a wholly different attitude”.

If you have difficulty in imagining how all this might come about, read “Prime Minister” by John Stewart. (7)

Now finally, I have to admit this is not a new idea, though perhaps it has been told in a new way. We have lived for maybe a thousand years with a fundamental error in our affairs. As time goes on, the result of that error is magnified- can we tell where it will land up if we do not correct it soon?

If we do not set about this correction, we can expect the one third to become one half, then three quarters. At some time we shall have to come to our senses and realise where we have gone wrong. Why not do it now before it becomes more and more difficult?

This is what we do. We remove the locational benefit from those who claim ownership of land, and we use it to reduce taxation. The community creates value, and the community gets it back.

What is the effect on those “just about managing? First, the shift of tax from their earnings and on to higher locations would increase their living standards. Next, the removal of rent of land would do the same. The reduction in land values would reduce the debt required to acquire a house. The need to provide welfare would decrease. That is enough to start the ball rolling!

NOTES

(1) http://taxpayersagainstpoverty.org.uk/news/sound-the-alarm-bell-for-the-housing-crisis

(2) “The Peoples Rights” by WSC – Jonathan Cape 1970. SBN 224 61748 6

(3)“The Village Labourer” and “The Town Labourer” by JL & B Hammond,   Longman Group 1995 ISBN 0-86299-345-8 and 0-7509-0966-8

(4)ONS paper “The effects of taxes and benefits on household income, 2013/14 page 9.

(5) “Employers’ Burden ” see http://landisfree.co.uk/EmployersBurden2015-16.pdf (29.12.16)

(6) “No Debt, High Growth, Low Tax” by Andrew Purves  (Shepheard- Walwyn ISBN 978-0-85683-507-0

(7) “Prime Minister” by John Stewart (Shepheard-Walwyn  ISBN 978-0-85683-274-1

Ed has very kindly given us access to the fruit of the last twenty years work. Click on this link to get to thirteen slide presentations, each of about thirty slides. The second link below will take you to a vast trove of quotations about land, by author and by country.

http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/dodson-edward_state-of-the-us-economy-2017-jan.htm

STATE OF THE U.S. ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

Many notable people support sharing as part of the roots for peaceful sustainability.

Sharing is a virtuous fundamental principle taught among civilized cultures. Parents often teach their children to share among siblings and schools typically utilize shared resources. Sharing is inherent as well as learned and therefore is integrated into society at differing levels.

“We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.”
—Martin Luther King, Jr.

None of the candidates for office are discussing what would really make the economy grow.|

The candidates for office in 2016 have been discussing ideas about promoting economic growth, as the US economy has had a sluggish recovery since the recession ended in 2009. The Federal Reserve has pushed interest rates down to historically low levels, and that policy may have prevented even worse outcomes, but artificially low interest rates fueled previous asset bubbles and has fueled an artificial rise of land values and stock market prices. What has been missing is an analysis of what causes economic growth.

Growth and development originates in the desire of individuals to improve their condition. That desire induces people to work and to invest in capital goods and skills. The incentive to engage in this progress gets blocked by the artificial costs imposed by government. Moreover, where government artificially boosts growth from subsidies, the result is often a waste of resources. We can witness this happening now in China, where years of promoting construction has resulted in excessive real estate malinvestments, which, as this has stopped, the downturn in China now infects the global economy.